Superior: The Return of Race Science

Angela Saini

2019 • 258 pages

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Average rating4.5

2019 Best-Of Lists: 10 Best Science Books of the Year (Smithsonian Magazine) · Best Science Books of the Year (NPR's Science Friday) · Best Science and Technology Books from 2019” (Library Journal) An astute and timely examination of the re-emergence of scientific research into racial differences. Superior tells the disturbing story of the persistent thread of belief in biological racial differences in the world of science. After the horrors of the Nazi regime in World War II, the mainstream scientific world turned its back on eugenics and the study of racial difference. But a worldwide network of intellectual racists and segregationists quietly founded journals and funded research, providing the kind of shoddy studies that were ultimately cited in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray’s 1994 title The Bell Curve, which purported to show differences in intelligence among races. If the vast majority of scientists and scholars disavowed these ideas and considered race a social construct, it was an idea that still managed to somehow survive in the way scientists thought about human variation and genetics. Dissecting the statements and work of contemporary scientists studying human biodiversity, most of whom claim to be just following the data, Angela Saini shows us how, again and again, even mainstream scientists cling to the idea that race is biologically real. As our understanding of complex traits like intelligence, and the effects of environmental and cultural influences on human beings, from the molecular level on up, grows, the hope of finding simple genetic differences between “races”—to explain differing rates of disease, to explain poverty or test scores, or to justify cultural assumptions—stubbornly persists. At a time when racialized nationalisms are a resurgent threat throughout the world, Superior is a rigorous, much-needed examination of the insidious and destructive nature of race science—and a powerful reminder that, biologically, we are all far more alike than different.

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Imi

The power of nationalism is that it calls to the part of us that doesn't want to accept being ordinary. It tells people that they are descended from greatness, that they have been genetically endowed with something special, something passed down to them over the generations. It attaches them to origin stories that have existed for hundreds of years, soaking into their subconscious, obscuring truth...

Simply outstanding. [b:Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong—and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story|31869108|Inferior How Science Got Women Wrong—and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story|Angela Saini|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1483642947l/31869108.SY75.jpg|52540217] was also fantastic, but I think Saini has outdone herself here!

This is, above all, a journalist's exploration on what is happening right now. “Race science” never left, it was never gone, but it is having a resurgence today. Maybe most (some?) scientists have good intentions, but the language they use, the beliefs and biases they bring to their research, all of it has real-life consequences. This is what happens when researchers have already made their conclusions (through an upbringing full of society's social conditioning to believe that some races are inferior to others) before they have the evidence.

‘If you see the genetic markers today that are found in western Europe, people will see those in the past and continue referring to them as western European, even if they're then also found in Siberia.' It's another example of an ‘indexing problem', when the first available body of evidence influences subsequent thinking. Western researchers tend to have more access to European data because it's on their doorstep, so later discoveries elsewhere in the world are often interpreted relative to these.

...Americans cling to the idea of black exceptionalism when it comes to health may be that, in some way, the idea lets society off the hook. It places the blame for inequality at the foot of biology. If poor health today is intrinsic to black bodies and nothing to do with racism, it's no one's fault. ‘It says it's not our organisation of society that's somehow unfair or unjust or discriminatory. It's not that we treat people badly. It's not that we give people worse life chances,' he says. ‘It's just that these people have some genetic defect and it's just the way they are.'

April 16, 2020